Controversies
A scandal
in the 1920s was the sale by Maundy Gregory of honours and peerages to raise
political funds for David Lloyd George.
In 1976,
the Harold Wilson era was mired by controversy over the 1976 Prime Minister's
Resignation Honours, which became known as the "Lavender List".
In 2006,
The Sunday Times newspaper revealed that every donor who had given £1,000,000
or more to the Labour Party since 1997 was given a Knighthood or a Peerage (see
Cash-for-Honours scandal). Moreover, the government had given honours to 12 of
the 14 individuals who have donated more than £200,000 to Labour and of the 22
who donated more than £100,000, 17 received honours. An investigation by the
Crown Prosecution Service did not lead to any charges being made.
The Times
published an analysis of the recipients of honours in December 2015 which
showed that 46% of those getting knighthoods and above in 2015 had been to
fee-paying public schools. In 1955 it was 50%. Only 6.55% of the population
attends such schools. 27% had been to Oxford or Cambridge universities (18% in
1955).
The lack of
racial diversity continues to attract criticism, with 89.6% of all award
recipients identified as white, and only 3.2% of higher award winners (inc
Knighthood and Damehoods) identifying as BAME in 2019. Although the trend has
been positive, with an increase in ethnic minority recipients between 2014 and
2019 from 6.5% to 10.4%, there continues to be a significant gap in the
ethnic diversity of the honours recipients versus corresponding census data at
any point in recent years.At the same time, 87.1% of the United Kingdom is
composed of white people, according to the 2011 census. This would suggest that
the racial diversity of the honours reflects the racial diversity of the United
Kingdom.
How to get an OBE: the opaque process by which Britain
chooses its honorees
February
10th, 2020
https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/how-to-get-an-obe/
In the 20th
century, the British Crown appointed around 100,000 people to honours and
titles. Throughout the century, this system expanded to include different kinds
of people. Toby Harper writes that the process nevertheless continues to be
confusing and tells us little about who honorees really are.
Suppose you
meet a man on the train who introduces himself as ‘Sir James’. What does this
mean? He could have done some distinguished professional or philanthropic
service; he could be a famous artist; he could be a retired civil servant who
won his title through long service; he could be a major political donor to one
of a number of different governments in the Commonwealth; or he might not in
fact be a knight but a baronet, and is thus entitled to call himself ‘Sir’
because he is the head of a male line whose ancestor won the title (probably
through large donations to some government at some point in the last five
hundred years). Alternatively, he could have changed his name so that his first
name is “Sir” in the hope of getting respect, attention, more frequent upgrades
to first class on flights, or some other rumored advantage to having a title.
He could also simply be lying. Titles have many sources, few of which reflect
anything on the personality or talents of its owner.
The
knighthood, the damehood, and the baronetcy are three of the many different
titles and honours that the British government gives to its citizens. The
terminology and hierarchies of this system are confusing, with a deep,
complicated history. The Order of the Garter, the oldest and one of the most
exclusive of these honours, dates back to the 14th century, but most of the
system’s components are more recent creations. For example, in the aftermath of
the formation of the largest single order of chivalry – the Order of the
British Empire – in 1917, many recipients were confused by the names of the
medals they received. Working class recipients of the low-ranking Medal of the
Order of the British Empire reasonably thought that they were entitled to use
the letters OBE after their name. In fact, the medal granted no rank, no formal
membership in an order of chivalry, and no precedence: it was for working-class
heroes. The right to use the postnominals OBE fell to middle class ‘Officers of
the British Empire’, which was the fourth rank of the order.
Many
different factors shape the choices the British state makes in honouring
people. Broad shifts of policy, individual political debts, and opaque personal
preferences all play a part. Public nominations are and have been an important
part of the system, but there is a long route from nomination to selection.
Multiple different parties are involved, including politicians (especially
whips), civil servants in various departments, and royal servants, even perhaps
the monarch themselves. The greatest amount of control has traditionally rested
in the hands of civil servants in the Treasury and, more recently, the Cabinet
Office. There are usually far more nominees for honours than spots available. This
shortage is artificial, with numbers kept low in order to maintain exclusivity.
Throughout
the 20th and into the 21st century committees of civil servants have done the
main part of the work of assessing nominations from government departments,
processing public nominations, and integrating political priorities. The scale
and rank of honours that they have worked with has been shaped by centralized
policies that were only occasionally been subject to direct political scrutiny
and change, although exceptions to this pattern created major shifts in who
received what. From these committees honours lists go to the Prime Minister’s
office, where a few names are added and subtracted, then successful nominees
are invited to accept the honour, and finally the monarch signs off the lists
for public proclamation, usually twice yearly, in the London Gazette. Although
the monarchy’s role is limited, recipients and the wider public closely
associate honours with royalty because of their symbolism and because of honours
investitures, where recipients receive the medals from the hands of a royal.
Some people
decline the opportunity to take on honours, out of principle, because of
political objections to the current government, or for more obscure reasons.
Reasons for rejecting honours have been almost as diverse as the reasons for
giving them, and are secret: whether or not someone reveals they were offered
an honour but declined is at their discretion because this is one of the many
secrets about honours that the government defends vigorously. Some artists,
musicians and anti-monarchists have declined them for political reasons. Poet
Benjamin Zephaniah rejected an OBE in 2003 because of the imperial connotations
of the order’s name, and because he disagreed with the government’s social
policies.
Others
rejected titles for more personal reasons. Physicist A.V. Hill rejected a
knighthood in 1941 out of principle and aesthetics. He railed against the
competition and enmity that he alleged knighthoods introduced among scientists.
At the same time, had Hill, as he went by with friends and colleagues, been
knighted he would have become known as ‘Sir Archibald’, and would have thus had
a first name he disliked forcibly exposed to the public and to friends. P.G.
Wodehouse made a similar joke in Jeeves and the Feudal Spirit (1954) about a
character named Mr. Trotter, who dodged a knighthood because he did not want
his embarrassing first name (Lemuel) exposed.
Jokes like
these abound in the lives of honours recipients, their friends, and those who
aspired to win honours. The system has been and continues to be a topic of fun
and levity. But behind the jokes is a serious business. In modern, anonymous,
fragmented societies these centralized systems are all the more important
because they aim to bring people together under one set of rules and labels
that have widespread currency. Contemporary societies readily confuse and
conflate success, greatness, size, fame, and volume with rightness. In the last
few years this confusion has had increasingly absurd results, but it has been
around for a long time, in many different cultures and contexts. This is why it
is so important to understand exactly how modern states celebrate their heroes,
and especially to understand the limitations, omissions and other quirks of
this process – to disenchant the mysticism of honours. The process by which
Britain has chosen and continues to choose its honorees has been opaque,
confusing, and poorly understood. Sir James may be a modern knight, but that
tells you little about who he really is.
________________
About the
Author
Toby Harper
is Assistant Professor in the School of Historical, Philosophical and Religious
Studies at Arizona State University. His forthcoming book, ‘From Servants of
the Empire to Everyday Heroes: The British Honours System in the Twentieth
Century‘ will be published by Oxford University Press in March 2020.
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